The following sources were consulted in the preparation of the article “15 undignified royal deaths in history.”
- Frederick Barbarossa
- Charles II of Navarre
- Sigurd Eysteinsson
- King William the Conqueror
- Edmund Ironside
- Béla I of Hungary
- Alexander III of Scotland
- James I of Scotland
- Qin Shi Huang
- George II of Great Britain
- Adolf Frederick of Sweden
- Martin of Aragon
- Edward II
- Duke Jing of Jin (Ju)Â
- William II of England